Keynes had trained at Cambridge University as a mathematician.In his mid-twenties he wrote Treatise on Probability, a book lauded by Whitehead and Russell (“it is impossible to praise too highly”) and that launched what has become known as the “logical-relationist” theory of probability.When turning his attention to economics, he was shocked by the way mathematical economists abused mathematics, especially applying them in meaningless ways to unsuitable phenomena, and he made no secret of his professional contempt for their empty pretentiousness.But these economists were soon to have their revenge.Led by Paul Samuelson in the US and John Hicks in the UK, they set about mathematicising Keynes’s theory.Or, more accurately, a part of his theory.They left out all those bits that were inconsistent with the neoclassical axioms.Their end product was a formalized version of Keynes that is like a Henry Miller novel without sex and profanity.This bowdlerized version of Keynes, called “Keynesianism”, soon became standard fare in undergraduate courses.Even graduate students were discouraged from reading the primary text.With the real Keynes out of the way and Veblen and all the other free spirits forgotten, the road was now clear to establish a neoclassical tyranny.

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